ST imp Notes (VipJet)

1. Goals of Software Testing

1. Immediate Goals
2. Long-term Goals
3. Post-Implementation Goals

1. Immediate Goals: These objectives are the direct outcomes of testing. These objectives may be set at any time during the SDLC process. Some of these are covered in detail below:

• Bug Discovery: Bug discovery refers to finding errors at any stage of software development the goal is to discover more bugs at early stage itself.
• Bug Prevention: It is a consequent action of bug discovery by understanding the behaviour or discovered bug. Developers can learn to code safely inorder to avoid repetition of similar bugs, ensuring that bugs are not duplicated in subsequent phases or future projects.

2. Long-Term Goals: These objectives have an impact on product quality in the long run after one cycle of the SDLC is completed. Some of these are covered in detail below:

• Quality: This goal enhances the quality of the software product. Because software is also a product, the user’s priority is its quality. Superior quality is ensured by thorough testing. Correctness, integrity, efficiency, and reliability are all aspects that influence quality. To attain quality, you must achieve all of the above-mentioned quality characteristics.
• Customer Satisfaction: This goal verifies the customer’s satisfaction with a developed software product. The primary purpose of software testing, from the user’s standpoint, is customer satisfaction. Testing should be extensive and thorough if we want the client and customer to be happy with the software product.
• Reliability: It is a matter of confidence that the software will not fail. In short, reliability means gaining the confidence of the customers by providing them with a quality product.
• Risk Management: Risk is the probability of occurrence of uncertain events in the organization and the potential loss that could result in negative consequences. Risk management must be done to reduce the failure of the product and to manage risk in different situations.

3. Post-Implemented Goals: After the product is released, these objectives become critical. Some of these are covered in detail below:

• Reduce Maintenance Cost: Post-released errors are costlier to fix and difficult to identify. Because effective software does not wear out, the maintenance cost of any software product is not the same as the physical cost. The failure of a software product due to faults is the only expense of maintenance. Because they are difficult to discover, post-release mistakes always cost more to rectify. As a result, if testing is done thoroughly and effectively, the risk of failure is lowered, and maintenance costs are reduced as a result.
• Improved Software Testing Process: These goals improve the testing process for future use or software projects. These goals are known as post-implementation goals. A project’s testing procedure may not be completely successful, and there may be room for improvement. As a result, the bug history and post-implementation results can be evaluated to identify stumbling blocks in the current testing process that can be avoided in future projects.

2. Software Testing Lifecycle (STLC)

Software testing lifecycle (STLC) is a process that ensures that the quality standards are met by conducting tests systematically over several phases. During product development, phases of the STLC may be performed multiple times until a product is deemed suitable for release.

There are six phases of STLC:

1. Requirement analysis: This phase involves understanding the requirements of the software product and identifying the areas that need to be tested.
2. Test planning: This phase involves creating a test plan that documents the testing goals, objectives, scope, approach, resources, and schedule.
3. Test case development: This phase involves creating test cases that will be used to verify that the software product meets the requirements.
4. Test environment setup: This phase involves setting up the environment that will be used to execute the test cases.
5. Test execution: This phase involves executing the test cases and logging the results.
6. Test cycle closure: This phase involves analyzing the test results, identifying and reporting bugs, and closing the test cycle.

The STLC is an iterative process, which means that it can be repeated as needed. For example, if new requirements are added to the software product, the test plan and test cases may need to be updated. Similarly, if bugs are found during testing, the software product may need to be modified and the testing process may need to be repeated.

The STLC is an important part of the software development process. By following the STLC, organizations can ensure that their software products are of high quality and meet the needs of their users.

Here are some of the benefits of following the STLC:

• Improved quality: The STLC helps to improve the quality of software products by identifying and fixing defects early in the development process.
• Reduced costs: The STLC can help to reduce costs by preventing defects from reaching the customer.
• Increased customer satisfaction: The STLC can help to increase customer satisfaction by ensuring that software products meet their needs.

3. Opensource Testing Tools

• CUT: CUT (Code Under Test) is a unit testing framework for C and C++. It provides a simple way to write unit tests and to run them automatically.
• EMMA: EMMA (Efficient Memory Management Analyzer) is a tool for analyzing the memory usage of Java programs. It can be used to find memory leaks and other memory problems.
• Cgreen: Cgreen is a unit testing framework for C. It is similar to CUT, but it provides some additional features, such as the ability to test code that uses dynamic memory allocation.
• Findbugs: Findbugs is a static analysis tool for Java. It can be used to find potential bugs in Java code, such as null pointer dereferences and unused variables.

These are just a few of the many open-source testing tools available. There are many other tools available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The best tool for you will depend on the specific needs of your project.

Here are some of the benefits of using open-source testing tools:

• Free: Open-source testing tools are free to use, which can save you a significant amount of money.
• Flexible: Open-source testing tools are often very flexible and can be adapted to meet the specific needs of your project.
• Community support: There is often a large community of users and developers for open-source testing tools, which can provide you with support and help if you need it.

If you are looking for a free, flexible, and community-supported testing tool, then an open-source testing tool may be a good option for you.

Here are some additional tips for choosing a testing tool:

• Consider the size and complexity of your project: If you are working on a large or complex project, you may need a tool that can handle the scale of your project.
• Consider the features that you need: Some tools have more features than others. Make sure that the tool you choose has the features that you need.
• Consider the ease of use: Some tools are easier to use than others. Choose a tool that is easy for you and your team to use.
• Consider the cost: Some tools are free, while others charge a fee. Choose a tool that fits your budget.

4. Commercial Testing Tools

Commercial testing tools are software applications that are designed to help software testers automate the testing process. They can be used to automate a wide range of testing activities, including unit testing, integration testing, functional testing, performance testing, and security testing.

Commercial testing tools offer a number of advantages over manual testing, including:

• Increased speed and efficiency: Commercial testing tools can automate repetitive tasks, which can free up testers to focus on more complex tasks. This can lead to a significant increase in the speed and efficiency of the testing process.
• Improved accuracy: Commercial testing tools can be used to execute tests more consistently than manual testing, which can lead to improved accuracy.
• Reduced costs: Commercial testing tools can help to reduce the cost of testing by automating repetitive tasks and by improving the accuracy of the testing process.

However, commercial testing tools also have some disadvantages, including:

• Cost: Commercial testing tools can be expensive, which can be a barrier for some organizations.
• Learning curve: Commercial testing tools can have a steep learning curve, which can make it difficult for organizations to get started with them.
• Vendor lock-in: Once an organization has invested in a commercial testing tool, it may be difficult to switch to a different tool if the needs of the organization change.

Overall, commercial testing tools can be a valuable asset for organizations that need to automate their testing process. However, it is important to carefully consider the cost, learning curve, and vendor lock-in before investing in a commercial testing tool.

Here are some of the most popular commercial testing tools:

• TestComplete: TestComplete is a commercial testing tool from SmartBear Software. It is a comprehensive testing tool that can be used to automate a wide range of testing activities.
• Ranorex: Ranorex is a commercial testing tool from Ranorex Software. It is a visual testing tool that can be used to automate user interface testing.
• SilkTest: SilkTest is a commercial testing tool from Micro Focus. It is a comprehensive testing tool that can be used to automate a wide range of testing activities.
• HP Unified Functional Testing (UFT): HP UFT is a commercial testing tool from Hewlett Packard Enterprise. It is a comprehensive testing tool that can be used to automate a wide range of testing activities.

These are just a few of the many commercial testing tools available. There are many other tools available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The best tool for you will depend on the specific needs of your project.

5. Debugging process

Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in the source code of any software. When software does not work as expected, computer programmers study the code to determine why any errors occurred. They use debugging tools to run the software in a controlled environment, check the code step by step, and analyze and fix the issue.

The debugging process can be divided into the following steps:

1. Identify the bug: The first step is to identify the bug. This can be done by running the software and observing the results. If the software crashes, this is a clear indication that there is a bug. However, if the software does not crash, it may still be buggy. In this case, you need to look for unexpected results or behavior.
2. Isolate the bug: Once you have identified the bug, you need to isolate it. This means finding the specific part of the code that is causing the problem. You can do this by using a debugger. A debugger is a tool that allows you to step through the code line by line. This can help you to identify the line of code that is causing the problem.
3. Fix the bug: Once you have isolated the bug, you can fix it. This may involve changing the code, or it may involve changing the data that is used by the code.
4. Test the fix: Once you have fixed the bug, you need to test the fix to make sure that it works. This means running the software again and checking for the unexpected results or behavior.

The debugging process can be time-consuming and challenging. However, it is an essential part of software development. By following the steps outlined above, you can help to ensure that your software is free of bugs.

6. Types of Debuggers

There are many different types of debuggers, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common types of debuggers include:

• Source-level debuggers: These debuggers allow you to step through your code line by line, examine the values of variables, and set breakpoints. They are the most common type of debugger and are used for a wide variety of programming languages.
• Graphical debuggers: These debuggers provide a graphical user interface (GUI) that makes it easier to debug your code. They often include features such as breakpoints, memory watches, and call stacks.
• Remote debuggers: These debuggers allow you to debug code that is running on a remote machine. This can be useful for debugging web applications or distributed systems.
• Kernel debuggers: These debuggers allow you to debug the kernel of an operating system. This can be useful for debugging problems with the operating system or with device drivers.

In addition to these general types of debuggers, there are also a number of specialized debuggers that are designed for specific programming languages or platforms. For example, there are debuggers for Java, JavaScript, Python, C++, and many other languages. There are also debuggers for specific platforms such as Windows, Linux, and macOS.

The best type of debugger for you will depend on your specific needs. If you are a beginner, a source-level debugger is a good place to start. If you are debugging a complex application or a problem with the operating system, a more specialized debugger may be required.

Here are some of the most popular debuggers:

• GDB: GDB is a free and open-source debugger that is available for Linux, macOS, and Windows. It is a powerful debugger that can be used for a wide variety of programming languages.
• LLDB: LLDB is a new debugger that is based on the Clang compiler. It is available for macOS and Linux. LLDB is a more modern debugger than GDB and has a number of features that make it easier to use.
• Visual Studio Debugger: The Visual Studio debugger is a powerful debugger that is included with the Visual Studio IDE. It is available for Windows. The Visual Studio debugger has a number of features that make it easy to debug Windows applications.
• Chrome DevTools: The Chrome DevTools include a debugger that can be used to debug JavaScript code running in Chrome. The Chrome DevTools are a powerful tool for debugging web applications.

7. White Box testing

White box testing is a type of software testing that uses the knowledge of the software's internal structure, design, and code to test for errors. This type of testing is also known as structural testing or glass box testing.

White box testing can be used to test for a variety of errors, including:

• Logic errors: These are errors in the software's logic that can cause it to produce incorrect results.
• Boundary errors: These are errors that occur when the software is given input that is outside of its expected range.
• Performance errors: These are errors that cause the software to run slowly or to use too much memory.
• Security vulnerabilities: These are errors that can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access to the software or to its data.

White box testing can be performed by developers, testers, or a combination of the two. Developers can use white box testing to find errors in their own code, while testers can use it to find errors in the code that they are testing.

There are a number of techniques that can be used for white box testing, including:

• Code coverage: This is a technique for measuring how much of the software's code has been executed during testing. Code coverage can be used to ensure that all of the software's code has been tested.
• Data flow analysis: This is a technique for identifying all of the possible paths through the software's code. Data flow analysis can be used to find errors that can occur in specific paths through the code.
• Mutation testing: This is a technique for creating modified versions of the software's code and then testing to see if the modified code produces the same results as the original code. Mutation testing can be used to find errors that are caused by subtle changes to the code.

White box testing is a powerful tool that can be used to find a variety of errors in software. However, it is important to note that white box testing is not a silver bullet. It cannot find all errors in software, and it can be time-consuming and expensive to perform.

Here are some of the benefits of white box testing:

• It can find errors that other types of testing cannot find.
• It can be used to find errors early in the development process, when they are easier and less expensive to fix.
• It can help to improve the quality of the software.

Here are some of the challenges of white box testing:

• It can be time-consuming and expensive.
• It requires knowledge of the software's internal structure, design, and code.
• It can be difficult to find all of the errors in the software.

8. Error Guessing Method

Error guessing is a software testing technique that uses the tester's knowledge, experience, and intuition to identify potential errors in the software. This technique is also known as exploratory testing or ad hoc testing.

Error guessing is a black-box testing technique, which means that the tester does not have access to the software's source code. This makes error guessing a more challenging technique than white-box testing, which uses the software's source code to identify potential errors.

However, error guessing can be a valuable technique for finding errors that may not be found by other testing techniques. This is because error guessing allows the tester to think outside the box and to consider potential errors that may not have been anticipated by the developers.

There are a number of factors that can be considered when using error guessing, including:

• The software's requirements
• The software's design
• The software's implementation
• The software's environment
• The software's users

Error guessing can be a time-consuming and challenging technique. However, it can be a valuable tool for finding errors that may not be found by other testing techniques.

Here are some of the benefits of error guessing:

• It can find errors that other testing techniques cannot find.
• It can be used to find errors early in the development process, when they are easier and less expensive to fix.
• It can help to improve the quality of the software.

Here are some of the challenges of error guessing:

• It can be time-consuming and expensive.
• It requires experience and knowledge of software testing.
• It can be difficult to find all of the errors in the software.

Overall, error guessing is a valuable tool that can be used to improve the quality of software. However, it is important to weigh the benefits and challenges of error guessing before deciding whether or not to use it.

Here are some tips for using error guessing effectively:

• Be creative: Don't be afraid to think outside the box and to consider potential errors that may not have been anticipated by the developers.
• Be thorough: Test the software thoroughly and from all angles.
• Be systematic: Use a systematic approach to error guessing to ensure that all areas of the software are tested.
• Be a good communicator: Communicate your findings to the development team so that they can be fixed.

9. Automated testing

Automated testing is a software testing technique that uses software tools to execute test cases automatically. This type of testing is also known as robotic testing or test automation.

Automated testing can be used to test for a variety of errors, including:

• Logic errors: These are errors in the software's logic that can cause it to produce incorrect results.
• Boundary errors: These are errors that occur when the software is given input that is outside of its expected range.
• Performance errors: These are errors that cause the software to run slowly or to use too much memory.
• Security vulnerabilities: These are errors that can be exploited by attackers to gain unauthorized access to the software or to its data.

Automated testing can be performed by developers, testers, or a combination of the two. Developers can use automated testing to find errors in their own code, while testers can use it to find errors in the code that they are testing.

There are a number of benefits to using automated testing, including:

• Increased efficiency: Automated testing can help to improve the efficiency of the testing process by freeing up testers to focus on other tasks, such as exploratory testing.
• Reduced costs: Automated testing can help to reduce the costs of testing by preventing defects from being introduced into software later in the development process.
• Improved quality: Automated testing can help to improve the quality of software by finding errors that may not be found by manual testing.

There are also some challenges to using automated testing, including:

• Initial investment: Automated testing requires an initial investment in time and resources to develop and maintain the automated tests.
• Complexity: Automated testing can be complex to develop and maintain, especially for large or complex software systems.
• Maintainability: Automated tests must be maintained as the software is updated.

Despite the challenges, automated testing can be a valuable tool for improving the quality of software. If you are considering using automated testing, it is important to weigh the benefits and challenges before making a decision.

Here are some tips for using automated testing effectively:

• Start small: Don't try to automate everything at once. Start by automating a small number of tests and then gradually add more tests as you gain experience.
• Use a test automation framework: A test automation framework can help to make automated testing easier to develop and maintain.
• Document your tests: Document your tests so that you can easily understand what they are testing and how they work.
• Test frequently: Automated tests should be run frequently, preferably on every build. This will help to ensure that errors are found early in the development process.
• Keep your tests up to date: As the software is updated, your automated tests should also be updated to ensure that they continue to pass.

10. Verification and Validation

Verification is the process of checking that a software achieves its goal without any bugs. It is the process to ensure whether the product that is developed is right or not. It verifies whether the developed product fulfills the requirements that we have. Verification is static testing.

Verification means Are we building the product right?

Validation is the process of checking whether the software product is up to the mark or in other words product has high level requirements. It is the process of checking the validation of product i.e. it checks what we are developing is the right product. it is validation of actual and expected product. Validation is the dynamic testing.

Validation means Are we building the right product?

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between verification and validation:

11. Regression testing and Progressive testing

Regression testing and progressive testing are two important software testing techniques that are used to ensure that changes to software do not introduce new defects.

Regression testing is a process of re-executing existing test cases to verify that software still performs as expected after changes have been made. This helps to ensure that new defects are not introduced as a result of the changes. Regression testing is typically performed after each new development cycle, as well as after major releases.

Progressive testing is a type of regression testing that is performed in a staged manner. In progressive testing, test cases are executed in a specific order, with the most critical test cases being executed first. This helps to ensure that the most important functionality is tested first, and that any defects that are found are addressed as early as possible.

Here is a table that summarizes the key differences between regression testing and progressive testing:

Here are some of the benefits of using regression testing and progressive testing:

• Improved software quality: Regression testing and progressive testing can help to identify and fix defects early in the software development lifecycle, which can help to improve the overall quality of the software.
• Reduced development costs: Regression testing and progressive testing can help to reduce development costs by identifying and fixing defects early, which can prevent the need to rework software later in the development process.
• Increased customer satisfaction: Regression testing and progressive testing can help to increase customer satisfaction by ensuring that software is free of defects and that it meets customer expectations.

12. Testing of web based system

• Interface testing: Interface testing is a type of testing that is performed to verify that the user interface of a web-based system is easy to use and meets the needs of the users. This type of testing typically involves testing the following elements:

  • Layout: The layout of the user interface should be easy to understand and navigate.
  • Content: The content of the user interface should be accurate and up-to-date.
  • Functionality: The functionality of the user interface should work as expected.

• Navigation testing: Navigation testing is a type of testing that is performed to verify that users can easily navigate through a web-based system. This type of testing typically involves testing the following elements:

  • Menus: The menus should be easy to use and should provide users with easy access to the features and functionality of the system.
  • Links: The links should work as expected and should lead to the correct pages.
  • Search: The search feature should be easy to use and should return relevant results.

• Functional testing: Functional testing is a type of testing that is performed to verify that the functionality of a web-based system meets the requirements. This type of testing typically involves testing the following elements:

  • Data entry: The data entry fields should be easy to use and should validate the data that is entered.
  • Processing: The processing of data should be accurate and efficient.
  • Output: The output of the system should be accurate and formatted in a way that is easy to understand.

• Performance testing: Performance testing is a type of testing that is performed to verify that a web-based system can handle the expected load. This type of testing typically involves testing the following elements:

  • Response time: The response time of the system should be acceptable.
  • Scalability: The system should be able to handle an increasing load without a significant degradation in performance.

• Security testing: Security testing is a type of testing that is performed to verify that a web-based system is secure from unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security threats. This type of testing typically involves testing the following elements:

  • Authentication: The authentication mechanism should be secure and should prevent unauthorized users from accessing the system.
  • Authorization: The authorization mechanism should ensure that users only have access to the features and data that they are authorized to access.
  • Data security: The data on the system should be protected from unauthorized access, disclosure, modification, or destruction.

  13. State Graph

  A state graph is a visual representation of the different states that a software system can be in. It is a useful tool for software testers to use to understand the behavior of the system and to identify potential problems.

  14. Object Oriented testing

  Object-oriented testing is a way of testing software that is organized into objects, which are like small building blocks of code. Instead of testing the whole program at once, object-oriented testing focuses on testing each object separately to make sure it works correctly.

  Here are some important things to know about object-oriented testing:

  1. Unit Testing: This is where we test each object on its own to make sure it does what it's supposed to do. We check if the object produces the right outputs when given certain inputs.
  2. Integration Testing: After testing each object individually, we test how the objects work together. We want to make sure they communicate properly and cooperate well when they are used together.
  3. Test Doubles: Sometimes, we need to replace real objects with "fake" ones during testing. These fake objects, called test doubles, help us isolate the testing and make it easier to focus on specific behaviors of the objects.
  4. Inheritance and Polymorphism Testing: In object-oriented programming, objects can inherit properties and behaviors from other objects, and different objects can be treated interchangeably. We need to test that these inheritance and polymorphism features work correctly.
  5. Encapsulation Testing: Encapsulation means bundling data and behaviors together in objects. We test that the data is stored and accessed correctly, and that the behaviors of the objects can be tested properly.
  6. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD): BDD is an approach that focuses on describing the desired behavior of the software using simple language. We use these descriptions to create automated tests that check if the objects behave as expected.

  15. Method of bug tracking

  1. Identify the bug. The first step is to identify the bug. This can be done by a tester or a user who experiences the issue. The tester or user should provide as much information as possible about the bug, such as the steps to reproduce it, the expected and actual results, and any other relevant details.
  2. Log the bug. Once the bug has been identified, it needs to be logged in a bug tracking system. This system will typically store information about the bug, such as the bug ID, the severity of the bug, the status of the bug, and the assigned developer.
  3. Prioritize the bug. Once the bug has been logged, it needs to be prioritized. This means that the bug needs to be assigned a priority level, such as low, medium, or high. The priority level will be determined by factors such as the severity of the bug, the impact of the bug, and the urgency of the bug.
  4. Assign the bug to a developer. Once the bug has been prioritized, it needs to be assigned to a developer. The developer will then investigate the bug and attempt to fix it.
  5. Test the fix. Once the developer has fixed the bug, the fix needs to be tested. This is done by a tester who will try to reproduce the bug and make sure that it has been fixed.
  6. Verify the fix. Once the fix has been tested, it needs to be verified. This is done by a developer who will review the code changes and make sure that they are correct.
  7. Close the bug. Once the bug has been verified, it can be closed. This means that the bug has been fixed and it will no longer be tracked.

  Bug tracking is an important part of software testing. It helps to ensure that bugs are identified, prioritized, fixed, and verified. This helps to improve the quality of the software and reduces the number of bugs that are released to users.

  Here are some additional tips for effective bug tracking:

  • Use a bug tracking system that is easy to use and that meets the needs of your team.
  • Make sure that all bugs are logged in the bug tracking system.
  • Prioritize bugs based on severity, impact, and urgency.
  • Assign bugs to developers who are capable of fixing them.
  • Test fixes thoroughly before verifying them.
  • Close bugs only after they have been verified.

  16. Purpose of Debugging / Techniques

  Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in software code. It is an essential part of software testing, and it can be a time-consuming and challenging task. However, it is important to debug software thoroughly to ensure that it is free of errors and can perform as expected.

  There are many different debugging techniques, and the best approach will vary depending on the specific software and the nature of the errors. Some common debugging techniques include:

  • Printing statements: This involves inserting statements into the code that will print out values of variables or other data structures. This can be helpful for tracking down the source of an error.
  • Using breakpoints: This involves setting breakpoints in the code, which will stop the execution of the code at a specific point. This can be helpful for inspecting the state of the code and variables at a particular point in time.
  • Using debuggers: Debuggers are software tools that can help developers debug their code. They provide a variety of features, such as the ability to step through code line by line, examine the values of variables, and set breakpoints.

  Debugging can be a frustrating task, but it is an essential part of software testing. By following the right debugging techniques, developers can identify and fix errors in their code, and ensure that their software is free of errors and can perform as expected.

  Here are some of the benefits of debugging in software testing:

  • Improved software quality: Debugging can help to improve the quality of software by identifying and fixing errors. This can lead to a more stable and reliable software product.
  • Reduced development time: By fixing errors early in the development process, debugging can help to reduce development time. This is because developers do not have to spend time fixing errors that could have been prevented by debugging.
  • Increased customer satisfaction: Customers are more likely to be satisfied with software that is free of errors. This is because they are less likely to experience problems when using the software.

  17. Correct Bugs

  1. Identify the bug. The first step is to identify the bug. This can be done by a tester or a developer. The tester will try to reproduce the bug and gather as much information as possible about the bug, such as the steps to reproduce the bug, the expected and actual results, and the environment in which the bug occurs. The developer will then use this information to fix the bug.
  2. Reproduce the bug. Once the bug has been identified, the next step is to reproduce the bug. This is important because it allows the developer to debug the bug and find the cause of the bug. There are a number of ways to reproduce a bug, such as using a debugger, stepping through the code line by line, and using print statements to print out the values of variables.
  3. Debug the bug. Once the bug has been reproduced, the next step is to debug the bug. This is the process of finding the cause of the bug and fixing it. There are a number of different debugging techniques that can be used, such as using a debugger, stepping through the code line by line, and using print statements to print out the values of variables.
  4. Fix the bug. Once the cause of the bug has been found, the next step is to fix the bug. This can be done by changing the code, adding new code, or removing code. The developer will then test the fix to make sure that it has fixed the bug.
  5. Retest the bug. Once the bug has been fixed, the next step is to retest the bug to make sure that it has been fixed. This is important because it can be difficult to find all of the possible ways to reproduce a bug. The tester will try to reproduce the bug using different methods and different data.

  18. Selection of Testing Tools

  • The type of software being tested: Different types of software require different types of testing tools. For example, web applications require different tools than desktop applications.
  • The size of the software project: Larger software projects require more complex testing tools than smaller projects.
  • The budget: Testing tools can be expensive, so it is important to select tools that fit within the budget.
  • The skill level of the testers: The testing tools should be easy to use for the testers.
  • The features of the testing tools: The testing tools should have the features that are needed for the testing project.

  Once you have considered these factors, you can start to research different testing tools. There are many different testing tools available, so it is important to compare the features and prices of different tools before making a decision.

  19. Backtracking process of Debugging

  Backtracking is a debugging technique that can be used to find the source of an error in software code. The basic idea is to start at the point where the error is observed and then work backwards through the code, step by step, until the point where the error was introduced.

  To use backtracking, you will need to have a good understanding of the code that you are debugging. You will also need to be able to step through the code line by line, using a debugger.

  The first step is to identify the point where the error is observed. This can be done by looking at the output of the program or by using a debugger to step through the code and see where the program crashes.

  Once you have identified the point where the error is observed, you can start to work backwards through the code, step by step. As you step through the code, pay attention to the values of the variables and the flow of control. If you see anything that looks suspicious, you can add print statements to the code to print out the values of the variables or the flow of control.

  Continue to work backwards through the code until you reach the point where the error was introduced. Once you have found the point where the error was introduced, you can fix the error and then test the code to make sure that the error has been fixed.

  Backtracking can be a time-consuming and challenging debugging technique, but it can be very effective in finding the source of errors in software code.

  20. Purpose of Software Testing

  Software testing is a process of evaluating software to find errors, gaps, or missing requirements. It can be done manually or using automated tools. The goal of software testing is to ensure that software meets its requirements and performs as expected.

  There are many different types of software testing, including:

  • Unit testing: Unit testing is a type of software testing where individual units of code are tested. Units of code can be classes, methods, or functions.
  • Integration testing: Integration testing is a type of software testing where individual units of code are combined and tested as a group.
  • System testing: System testing is a type of software testing where the entire system is tested. This includes testing the interfaces between different components of the system.
  • Acceptance testing: Acceptance testing is a type of software testing where the software is tested by the customer or end user. This is done to ensure that the software meets the customer's requirements.

  Software testing is an essential part of the software development process. It helps to ensure that software is reliable and meets the needs of its users. By finding and fixing errors early in the development process, software testing can help to reduce the cost of development and improve the quality of the final product.

  Here are some of the benefits of software testing:

  • Improved quality: Software testing can help to improve the quality of software by finding and fixing errors. This can lead to a more stable and reliable software product.
  • Reduced development time: By finding errors early in the development process, software testing can help to reduce development time. This is because developers do not have to spend time fixing errors that could have been prevented by testing.
  • Increased customer satisfaction: Customers are more likely to be satisfied with software that is free of errors. This is because they are less likely to experience problems when using the software.

  21. Static Testing tools

  Static testing is a type of software testing that is performed on the code itself, without actually running the code. This is in contrast to dynamic testing, which is performed by running the code and observing its behavior.

  Static testing tools are used to analyze the code for potential errors. They can be used to find errors in the code's structure, logic, and style. Static testing tools can also be used to find potential security vulnerabilities in the code.

  There are many different static testing tools available. Some of the most popular static testing tools include:

  • FindBugs: FindBugs is a free and open-source static analysis tool that can be used to find potential bugs in Java code.
  • PMD: PMD is a free and open-source static analysis tool that can be used to find potential code problems in Java code.
  • SonarLint: SonarQube is a commercial static analysis tool that can be used to find potential bugs and code problems in Java, JavaScript, C#, and other programming languages.

  Static testing tools can be a valuable tool for finding potential errors in code. However, it is important to note that static testing tools are not perfect. They can sometimes miss errors, and they can sometimes report false positives.

  Static testing tools are best used in conjunction with dynamic testing. Dynamic testing can help to verify that the errors found by static testing tools are actually errors. Dynamic testing can also help to find errors that are not found by static testing tools.

  By using static testing tools and dynamic testing together, you can improve the quality of your software by finding and fixing errors early in the development process.

  Here are some of the benefits of using static testing tools:

  • Find errors early: Static testing tools can find errors early in the development process, when they are easier and less expensive to fix.
  • Find more errors: Static testing tools can find more errors than dynamic testing tools, because they can analyze the code without actually running it.
  • Improve code quality: Static testing tools can help to improve the quality of code by finding and fixing errors.
  • Reduce development time: By finding and fixing errors early, static testing tools can help to reduce development time.

  22. Code Inspection with Methods

  Code inspection is a formal method of software testing that involves a team of developers and testers reviewing the source code of a software application to identify defects. The inspection process is typically led by a moderator who guides the team through the code, one section at a time. Each team member is responsible for looking for specific types of defects, such as syntax errors, logic errors, and potential security vulnerabilities.

  Code inspection is a powerful tool for finding defects in software code. It can be used to find defects that would be difficult or impossible to find using other testing methods, such as unit testing and system testing. Code inspection can also help to improve the quality of the software code by identifying potential problems early in the development process.

  The code inspection process can be divided into the following steps:

  1. Planning: The moderator and the team members meet to discuss the goals of the inspection, the scope of the code to be inspected, and the roles and responsibilities of each team member.
  2. Preparation: The author of the code reviews the code and prepares a checklist of potential defects. The team members also review the code and familiarize themselves with the application's design and architecture.
  3. Inspection: The moderator leads the team through the code, one section at a time. Each team member looks for specific types of defects and records any defects that they find.
  4. Reporting: The moderator summarizes the findings of the inspection and creates a report that includes a list of all the defects that were found.
  5. Corrective action: The author of the code is responsible for fixing all the defects that were found during the inspection.

  23. Error Guessing with Methods

  Error guessing is a software testing technique that uses the tester's experience and intuition to identify potential errors in the software. It is an unstructured approach to testing, meaning that there is no set method for identifying errors. Instead, the tester relies on their knowledge of the software, the development process, and common errors to identify potential problems.

  Error guessing can be a valuable tool for finding defects that would not be found using other testing methods. It can also be used to supplement other testing methods, such as unit testing and system testing.

  To use error guessing, the tester must first identify the areas of the software that are most likely to contain errors. This can be done by considering the following factors:

  • The complexity of the software
  • The experience of the development team
  • The use of third-party components
  • The presence of known bugs

  Once the tester has identified the areas of the software that are most likely to contain errors, they can begin to brainstorm potential errors. The tester should consider the following types of errors:

  • Syntax errors
  • Logic errors
  • Runtime errors
  • Security vulnerabilities
  • Usability issues

  The tester should also consider the potential impact of each error. Some errors may cause the software to crash, while others may simply cause the software to behave incorrectly. The tester should prioritize their testing efforts based on the potential impact of each error.

  Error guessing is a powerful tool for finding defects in software. However, it is important to remember that it is not a perfect solution. Error guessing can only find errors that the tester is able to think of. It is also important to note that error guessing can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.

  24. Models For Software Testing(Methodology)

  Software testing methodology is a set of strategies and approaches used to test a software application to ensure it behaves and looks as expected. These encompass everything from front to back-end testing, including unit and system testing.

  There are many different software testing methodologies, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common methodologies include:

  • Waterfall: This methodology is a linear approach to software development, with each phase of the development process following the previous one. Testing is typically performed at the end of the development process, after all of the coding has been completed.
  • Iterative: This methodology is an incremental approach to software development, with each phase of the development process overlapping with the previous one. Testing is typically performed throughout the development process, in short cycles known as "iterations."
  • Agile: This methodology is a flexible approach to software development, with the requirements and solutions evolving throughout the development process. Testing is typically performed throughout the development process, in short cycles known as "sprints."

  The best software testing methodology for a particular project will depend on a number of factors, including the size and complexity of the project, the development methodology being used, and the budget and time constraints.

  Here are some of the benefits of using a software testing methodology:

  • Increased quality: A well-designed software testing methodology can help to ensure that software is of high quality and meets the needs of the users.
  • Reduced costs: By finding and fixing defects early in the development process, a software testing methodology can help to reduce the cost of software development.
  • Improved efficiency: A software testing methodology can help to improve the efficiency of the software development process by ensuring that testing is performed in a systematic and organized manner.

  25. Test Review

  1. Detect errors and defects in test artifacts: Test reviews involve multiple stakeholders reviewing test plans, test cases, and test scripts to identify any errors or defects that may have been overlooked. This helps ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the testing process.
  2. Improve the quality and coverage of testing: By involving peers or experienced testers in the review process, the quality of testing artifacts can be enhanced. Reviewers provide feedback and suggestions to improve test documentation, ensuring comprehensive coverage of scenarios, requirements, and system behaviors.
  3. Ensure consistency and standardization: Test reviews help align testing practices with established guidelines and standards. By ensuring consistency in test documentation and processes, teams can collaborate more effectively, simplify maintenance, and improve overall efficiency.
  4. Promote knowledge sharing and collaboration: Test reviews facilitate knowledge sharing among team members. Reviewers can share insights, experiences, and suggestions, fostering a collaborative environment that enhances the skills and expertise of the entire team.
  5. Mitigate risks associated with testing: By evaluating test plans and strategies, reviewers can identify potential gaps or weaknesses that may pose risks to the testing process. This enables teams to take proactive measures to mitigate these risks and ensure more effective testing.
  6. Save costs and time by catching defects early: Detecting and rectifying issues during the review stage helps prevent wastage of effort and resources on ineffective testing activities. Early identification of defects also reduces the cost and effort of fixing them later in the development lifecycle when the impact on the project is typically higher.

  26. Define Stub

  In software testing, a stub is a temporary replacement for a real module that provides canned answers to calls made during testing. Stubs are used in top-down integration testing, when the modules that are called by the module under test are not yet available or complete. Stubs provide a way to test the module under test without having to worry about the modules that it calls.

  27. Black Box Testing

  Black box testing is a software testing method in which the tester does not have any knowledge of the internal structure or implementation of the software being tested. The tester only knows the input and output of the software, and uses this knowledge to create test cases that will exercise the software's functionality.

  Black box testing is a type of functional testing, which means that it focuses on the software's ability to perform its intended tasks. It is a complementary testing method to white box testing, which is a type of structural testing that focuses on the software's internal structure.

  Black box testing can be used to test all levels of software, from unit tests to system tests. It is a valuable tool for finding defects in software, and can help to improve the quality of the software.

  Here are some of the benefits of black box testing:

  • It can find defects that would not be found by white box testing.
  • It can be used to test all levels of software.
  • It is relatively easy to learn and perform.
  • It can be automated.

  Here are some of the challenges of black box testing:

  • It can be difficult to find all of the possible inputs that a software system can receive.
  • It can be difficult to predict all of the possible outputs that a software system can produce.
  • It can be difficult to test for edge cases and corner cases.

  Overall, black box testing is a valuable tool for finding defects in software. It is a complementary testing method to white box testing, and can be used to test all levels of software.

  Here are some examples of black box testing techniques:

  • Boundary value testing: This technique tests the software at the boundaries of its input and output values. For example, you might test a login function by entering invalid usernames and passwords.
  • Equivalence partitioning: This technique divides the input space of a software system into equivalence classes, and then tests each class. For example, you might divide the input values for a search function into two equivalence classes: valid values and invalid values.
  • Path testing: This technique tests all possible paths through a software system. This can be a very time-consuming technique, but it can be effective for finding complex defects.

  Black box testing is an important part of the software development process. It can help to find defects in software and improve the quality of the software.