// top-level function where app execution starts
void main(){
    print("Hello World!"); // Print to console
}

int x = 2; // explicitly typed
var p = 5; // type inferred - Generic var with type inference
 
dynamic z = 8; // variable can take on any type
z = "cool"; // cool
 
// if you never intend to change a variable use final or const. Something like this:
 
final email = "temid@gmail.com"; // Same as var but cannot be reassigned
final String email = "temid@gmail.com"; // you can't change the value
 
const qty = 5; // Compile-time constant

 
int age = 20; // integers, range -2^63 to 2^63 - 1
double height = 1.85; // floating-point numbers
 
// You can also declare a variable as a num
num x = 1;  // x can have both int and double values
num += 2.5;
print(num); //Print: 3.5
 
String name = "Nicola";
 
bool isFavourite = true;
bool isLoaded = false;

// can use single or double qoutes for String type
var firstName = 'Nicola';
var lastName = "Tesla";
 
//can embed variables in string with $
String fullName = "$firstName $lastName";
 
// concatenate with +
var name = "Albert " + "Einstein";
 
String upperCase = '${firstName.toUpperCase()}';
print(upperCase); //Print: NICOLA

// This is a normal, one-line comment.
 
/// This is a documentation comment, used to document libraries,
/// classes, and their members. Tools like IDEs and dartdoc treat
/// doc comments specially.
 
/* Comments like these are also supported. */

// Importing core libraries
import 'dart:math';
 
// Importing libraries from external packages
import 'package:test/test.dart';
 
// Importing files
import 'path/to/my_other_file.dart';

print(2 + 3); //Print: 5
print(2 - 3); //Print: -1
print(2 * 3); //Print: 6
print(5 / 2);  //Print: 2.5 - Result is a double
print(5 ~/ 2); //Print: 2 - Result is an int
print(5 % 2); //Print: 1 - Remainder
 
int a = 1, b;
// Increment
b = ++a; // preIncrement - Increment a before b gets its value.
b = a++; // postIncrement - Increment a AFTER b gets its value.
 
//Decrement
b = --a; // predecrement - Decrement a before b gets its value.
b = a--; // postdecrement - Decrement a AFTER b gets its value.

print(2 == 2);  //Print: true - Equal
print(2 != 3); //Print: true - Not  Equal
print(3 > 2); //Print: true - Grater than
print(2 < 3); //Print: true - Less than
print(3 >= 3); //Print: true - Greater than or equal to
print(2 <= 3); //Print: true - Less than or equal to

// !expr inverts the expression (changes false to true, and vice versa)
// ||	logical OR
// &&	logical AND
bool isOutOfStock = false;
int quantity = 3;
if (!isOutOfStock && (quantity == 2 || quantity == 3)) {
  // ...Order the product...
}

if(age < 18){
    print("Teen");
} else if( age > 18 && age <60){
    print("Adult");
} else {
    print("Old");
}

enum Pet {dog, cat}
Pet myPet = Pet.dog;
switch(myPet){
    case Pet.dog:
        print('My Pet is Dog.');
        break;
    case Pet.cat:
        print('My Pet is Cat.');
        break;
    default:
        print('I don\'t have a Pet');
}
// Prints: My Pet is Dog.

while (!dreamsAchieved) {
  workHard();
}

do {
  workHard();
} while (!dreamsAchieved);

for(int i=0; i< 10; i++){
    print(i);
}
 
var numbers = [1,2,3];
// for-in loop for lists
for(var number in numbers){
    print(number);
}

// ordered group of objects
var list = [1, 2, 3];
 
print(list.length); //Print: 3
print(list[1]); //Print: 2
 
// other ways of list declaration and initializations
 
List<String> cities = <String>["New York", "Mumbai", "Tokyo"];
 
// To create a list that’s a compile-time constant
const constantCities = const ["New York", "Mumbai", "Tokyo"];

// A set in Dart is an unordered collection of unique items.
var halogens = {'fluorine', 'chlorine', 'bromine', 'iodine', 'astatine'};
 
// to create an empty set
var names = <String>{};
Set<String> names = {}; // This works, too.
//var names = {}; // Creates a map, not a set.

// a map is an object that associates keys and values
var person = Map<String, String>();
// To initialize the map, do this:
person['firstName'] = 'Nicola';
person['lastName'] = 'Tesla';
 
print(person); //Print: {firstName: Nicola, lastName: Tesla}
print(person['lastName']); //Print: Tesla
 
 
var nobleGases = {
  // Key: Value
  2: 'helium',
  10: 'neon',
  18: 'argon',
};

// functions in dart are objects and have a type
int add(int a, int b){
    return a+b;
}
 
// functions can be assigned to variables
int sum = add(2,3); // returns: 5
 
// can be passed as arguments to other functions
int totalSum = add(2, add(2,3)); // returns : 7

// functions that contain just one expression, you can use a shorthand syntax
bool isFav(Product product) => favProductsList.contains(product);

// small one line functions that dont have name
int add(a,b) => a+b;
 
// lambda functions mostly passed as parameter to other functions
const list = ['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges'];
list.forEach(
(item) => print('${list.indexOf(item)}: $item'));
//Prints: 0: apples 1: bananas 2: oranges

class Cat {
    String name;
 
    // method
    void voice(){
        print("Meow");
    }
}

// instance of a class
// below myCat is Object of class Cat
 
void main(){
    Cat myCat = Cat();
    myCat.name = "Kitty";
    myCat.voice(); // Prints: Meow
}

class Cat {
    String name;
    Cat(this.name);
}
void main(){
    Cat myCat = Cat("Kitty");
    print(myCat.name); // Prints: Kitty
}

// abstract class—a class that can’t be instantiated
// This class is declared abstract and thus can't be instantiated.
abstract class AbstractContainer {
  // Define constructors, fields, methods...
 
  void updateChildren(); // Abstract method.
}

// provide read and write access to an object’s properties
class Cat {
    String name;
    
    // getter
    String get catName {
        return name;
    }
 
    // setter
    void set catName(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
}

// A person. The implicit interface contains greet().
class Person {
  // In the interface, but visible only in this library.
  final String _name;
 
  // Not in the interface, since this is a constructor.
  Person(this._name);
 
  // In the interface.
  String greet(String who) => 'Hello, $who. I am $_name.';
}
 
// An implementation of the Person interface.
class Impostor implements Person {
  String get _name => '';
 
  String greet(String who) => 'Hi $who. Do you know who I am?';
}
 
String greetBob(Person person) => person.greet('Bob');
 
void main() {
  print(greetBob(Person('Kathy'))); // Hello, Bob. I am Kathy.
  print(greetBob(Impostor())); // Hi Bob. Do you know who I am?
}

class Phone {
 
    void use(){
        _call();
        _sendMessage();
    }
}
// Use extends to create a subclass
class SmartPhone extends Phone {
    void use(){
        // use super to refer to the superclass
        super.use();
        _takePhotos();
        _playGames();
    }
}

// throws or raises and exception
throw IntegerDivisionByZeroException();
 
// You can also throw arbitrary objects
throw "Product out of stock!";

 
try {
    int c = 3/0;
    print(c);
} on IntegerDivisionByZeroException {
    // A specific exception
    print('Can not divide integer by 0.')
} on Exception catch (e) {
    // Anything else that is an exception
    print('Unknown exception: $e');
} catch (e) {
    // No specified type, handles all
    print('Something really unknown: $e');
}
 

// To ensure that some code runs whether or not an exception is thrown
try {
  cookFood();
} catch (e) {
  print('Error: $e'); // Handle the exception first.
} finally {
  cleanKitchen(); // Then clean up.
}

// functionswhich are asynchronous: they return after setting up a possibly time-consuming operation
// The async and await keywords support asynchronous programming
 
Future<String> login() {
 String userName="Temidjoy";
 return
  Future.delayed(
    Duration(seconds: 4), () => userName);
}
 
// Asynchronous
main() async {
 print('Authenticating please wait...');
 print(await userName());
}

int x; // The initial value of any object is null
 
// ?? null aware operator
 
x ??=6; // ??= assignment operator, which assigns a value of a variable only if that variable is currently null
print(x); //Print: 6
 
x ??=3;
print(x); // Print: 6 - result is still 6
 
print(null ?? 10); // Prints: 10. Display the value on the left if it's not null else return the value on the right

// condition ? exprIfTrue : exprIfFalse
bool isAvailable;
 
isAvailable ? orderproduct() : addToFavourite();

// to insert multiple values into a collection.
var list = [1, 2, 3];
var list2 = [0, ...list];
 
print(list2.length); //Print: 4

// allows you to make a sequence of operations on the same object
 
// rather than doing this
var user = User();
user.name = "Nicola";
user.email = "nicola@g.c";
user.age = 24;
 
// you can do this
var user = User()
  ..name = "Nicola"
  ..email = "nicola@g.c"
  ..age = 24;

userObject?.userName
 
//The code snippet above is equivalent to following:
(userObject != null) ? userObject.userName : null
 
//You can chain multiple uses of ?. together in a single expression
userObject?.userName?.toString()
 
// The preceeding code returns null and never calls toString() if either userObject or userObject.userName is null